J. Michael Spector is Professor and former Chair of the Department of Learning Technologies at the University of North Texas, USA. Dr. Spector has served as Executive Vice President on the International Board of Standards for Training, Performance and Instruction (ibstpi), on the Executive Committee of the IEEE Learning Technology Task Force, and as past-President of the Association for Educational and Communications Technology (AECT). He was lead editor on the third and fourth editions of the Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology, edited the Encylopedia of Educational Technology, and has more than 150 journal articles, book chapters, and books to his credit.